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Additionally, e-cigarette-exposed mice exhibited higher viral titers and increased morbidity and mortality after Influenza A infection [80]

The estimated background risk of oral clefts is increased by approximately 30% in infants of women who smoke during pregnancy, compared to pregnant women who do not smoke

In the oral cavity, smoking-induced dysbiosis plays a significant role in the development of oral diseases, such as periodontitis, by disrupting the balance of oral microbiota and promoting pathogenic species that drive inflammation and tissue destruction [13, 14]

Estimation of cancer risk caused by environmental chemicals based on in vivo dose measurement

Teratogenesis Carcinog